In this lesson, we are going to learn how to calculate the standard deviation with Excel step-by-step. It is important to remember that in statistics two formulas are used to measure the standard deviation in a given dataset depending if…
In this lesson, we will draw a comparison between the population vs. sample standard deviation formula and how to calculate the equations by hand. The standard deviation requires us to know the average for the population or sample we measure.…
In this lesson, we will learn how to find the standard error of the mean in Excel, SPSS, and R with step-by-step examples and clear explanations. We will touch briefly on what standard error is, the equation for standard error,…
In this statistics lesson, we will learn how to calculate multiple linear regression using SPSS and interpret multiple linear regression output in SPSS. I will also provide you with an SPSS dataset for multiple linear regression analysis so you can…
Cronbach’s Alpha is a reliability test developed by Cronbach (1951) and used to measure the internal consistency of a set of dichotomous or scale questions in a survey. In other words, Cronbach’s Alpha coefficient tells us how well the scale…
In this statistics lab, we will learn how to run mediation analysis in SPSS and interpret mediation analysis results so that you know precisely where to look when writing your mediation analysis report in your research paper. This lesson will…
In this statistics lesson, we will learn how to perform moderation analysis in SPSS using two easy-to-learn methods. The first method involves more steps but can be done without any additional SPSS extensions. The second method is simpler, faster, and…
In this quick guide, we will learn how to install PROCESS macro in SPSS on Windows or macOS operating systems. PROCESS is an incredibly useful statistical tool for logistic regression path analysis modeling analysis, developed by Andrew F. Hayes, Ph.D.,…
How to interpret model fit results is probably one of the most frequently asked questions whenever Confirmatory Factor Analysis and Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) topics pop up. Therefore I decided to write a simple guideline that explains where to find…
Mediators vs. moderators variables seem to be a source of much confusion among research students. On the surface, not only that both terms sound similar but also seem to serve identical purposes. This cannot be further from the truth. Let’s find…